From Break-Bulk to Box: Systemic Change through Simple Innovation
Transportation systems often appear immovable. Their infrastructure is massive, their networks complex, and their daily operation embedded in layers of regulation, labor, and habit. Change seems to come slowly, if at all. Yet history suggests that even the most entrenched systems can be fundamentally transformed— sometimes not by dramatic invention, but by the introduction of a relatively simple idea in the right context. The shift from break- bulk shipping to containerization is one such case. For generations, maritime freight was handled by human labor, one piece at a time. Crates, barrels, pallets, and sacks were hoisted aboard ships and arranged carefully by crews below deck. At each port of call, the process reversed. It was slow, labor- intensive, and expensive, but it worked. And because it worked, entire institutions— port authorities, labor unions, insurance systems, and international regulatory bodies— grew around it. This was the “ normal” state of global trade for much of t...